Title: Allelopathic growth stimulation of plants and microorganisms

Author(s): Mallik MAB, Williams RD

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 175-198 OCT 2005

Abstract: Growth promotion of plants by other plants and microorganisms, as well as that of microorganisms by plants and other microorganisms, is discussed. Agrostemma githago in mixed culture with wheat enhances growth and yield of wheat. Allantoin, a purine derivative and the principal component of agrostemin released from A. githago, is the growth factor. Soil amended with shoots of Solanum nigrum, enhances the soybean growth and nodulation. Growth and yield of several legumes are enhanced by mixed culture with Heliotropium peruvianum. Triacontanol isolated from alfalfa, and brassinolide from rape and alder pollen, stimulates the growth and yield of several crops. Chromosaponin 1, isolated from etiolated pea seedlings, stimulates the growth of lettuce by 190 %. Petunioside M stimulates the growth of cucumber and suppresses the cucumber mosaic virus. Strigolactones, isolated from host or non-host plants, promote seed germination of angiospermous parasites. Unidentified allelochemicals from Chenopodium album and Setaria viridis enhances the growth of Bradyrhizobium japonicum in broth culture.Seed inoculation with selected strains of Pseudomonas capacia and P. putida enhances the growth and yield of wheat under field conditions. Inoculation of soybean seeds with a strain of Bacillus cereus enhances the growth and nodulation of soybean by indigenous nodulating bacterium. Several soil microbes, with appropriate precursors, produce plant growth regulators that enhance the plant growth. Tomatoes grown in soil amended with L-ethionine at the appropriate concentration produce more and larger fruits than the untreated soil. Pearl millet inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense and grown in solution culture amended with tryptophan produces more lateral roots with greater root hair density than the control. Microbial metabolites enhance the growth of several Rhizobiuim species and promote reproduction in certain fungi. These examples indicate that the allelochemicals from plants and microorganisms have potential to enhance the yield of agricultural products, while promoting sustainable agriculture.

Author Keywords: allantoin; auxins; cytokinins; ethylene; gibberellins; nitrogen fixation; petunioside; plant-microbe interaction; rhizosphere microorganisms; saponin; strygolactones

KeyWords Plus: BACILLUS-CEREUS UW85; SOIL-MICROORGANISMS; BRADYRHIZOBIUM-JAPONICUM; AZOSPIRILLUM-BRASILENSE; AZOTOBACTER-CHROOCOCCUM; PHYTOPHTHORA-CINNAMOMI; GERMINATION STIMULANT; SEED-GERMINATION; LETTUCE ROOTS; ZEA-MAYS

Addresses: Williams RD (reprint author), Langston Univ, USDA ARS GRL, POB 1730,Agr Res & Extens, Langston, OK 73050 USA
E-mail Addresses: mmallik@luresext.edu, rdwms@luresext.edu

Title: Soil sickness in forestry trees

Author(s): Caboun V

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 199-208 OCT 2005

Abstract: The auto toxicity of tree species secretions, regulates the stand structure. The negative effects of one plant species on soil, cultivated in one place for long time and the associated problems have been summarized (11, 12). The soil fatigue is a cyclic phenomena, caused by the unilateral development of soil microflora, allelopathy, accumulation of toxins in the soil, development of pathogenic microorganisms, other pests and weeds changes in soil pH and disturbed soil structure etc. In agriculture, soil fatigue is connected to allelopathy, however, in forestry little data are available. The monoculture of tree stand for long periods slowly intoxicates the soil, leading to the gradual changes in tree species composition. These accumulated toxic substances may be absorbed by other plants and microorganisms, bound to these plants and after some time the former composition of stand could be restored. Based on of current typology, the changes in tree species structure are not considered, as it may be due to site conditions. Therefore, autointoxication (besides other anthropogenic effects) contributes to the weakening of individual tree species, which gradually causes dieback in fir or attack of pests and diseases on elm, spruce and oak.

Author Keywords: Accacia; allelopathic; beech; elm; fir; forest trees; larch; oak; pine; regeneration problem; soil fatigue; soil sickness; spruce

KeyWords Plus: REGENERATION; ALLELOPATHY; GROWTH

Addresses: Caboun V (reprint author), Forestry Res Inst Zvolen, Masaryk St 25, Zvolen, Slovakia
E-mail Addresses: caboun@fris.sk

Title: Allelopathic activity and identification of allelochemicals from Rumex japonicus Houtt.

Author(s): Elzaawely AA, Xuan TD, Tawata S

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 209-216 OCT 2005

Abstract: Unlike phenolics from other plant species, phenolics from Rumex japonicus have not been documented. The aims of this work were to analyze the phenolic compounds in the aerial parts and roots of Rumex japonicus and study their allelopathic activity. HPLC and GC-MS analyses showed the presence of protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic, syringic and ferulic acids, vanillin and pyrocatechin in aerial parts. Besides these six compounds, caffeic acid was detected in roots. In bioassay, the extracts from aerial parts and roots significantly decreased the seedling growth of lettuce and barnyardgrass and the inhibition of roots was greater than shoots. The pyrocatechin was present in large amounts in the aerial parts and appeared to be responsible for the activity of the aerial parts, while the phytotoxicity of roots may be due to the presence of protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic and ferulic acids as well as pyrocatechin.

Author Keywords: allelopathy; germination; phenolics; phytotoxicity; Rumex japonicus; seedling growth

KeyWords Plus: MASS-SELECTIVE DETECTION; PHENOLIC-COMPOUNDS; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PLANT-EXTRACTS; PADDY RICE; SATIVA L.; WEEDS; ACIDS

Addresses: Tawata S (reprint author), Univ Ryukyus, Fac Agr, Dept Biosci & Biotechnol, Okinawa, 9030213 Japan
 E-mail Addresses: b986097@agr.u-ryukyu.ac.jp

Title: Effects of sesame seed cake allelochemicals on the growth cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Jinchun 4)

Author(s): Ruan WB, Wang J, Pan H, Li HB, Wang JG, Zhang FS, Gao YB

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 217-225 OCT 2005

Abstract: Based on our previous study, the Fraction III (one of 4 fractions which separated from the 95% ethanol extracts of sesame seed cakes), was further separated into 23 portions by a gradient of CHCl3 - MeOH (9:0.5,V/V). The tenth portion consisted of palimitc acid, oleic acid and octadecanoic acid, identified by GC-MS. To evaluate the effect of palimitic acid and oleic acid on the cucumber plant growth and the mechanism of their action, a series of potted experiments were conducted in greenhouse. The results showed that application of palmitic and oleic acids to sick soil significantly increased the dry weight and chlorophyll content of cucumber. However, the cucumber shoot Na content was decreased, because lower amount of Na was transferred to the shoot. Furthermore, the antagonistic effects of oleic acid under salt stress, were confirmed in hydroponics culture. The analysis of the soil microbial populations at harvest indicated that the activity of fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes were markedly promoted, especially bacteria (P <= 0.001). The results suggested that the fatty acids probably have potential substance to improve the soil borne diseases occurring either in the greenhouses or orchards.

Author Keywords: cucumber; oleic acid; palmitic acid; sesame seed cake; soil sickness

KeyWords Plus: PLANT-PATHOGENIC FUNGI; FATTY-ACIDS; MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; SALT STRESS; LIPID-COMPOSITION; BARLEY SEEDLINGS; DAMPING-OFF; ROOT-ROT; SUPPRESSION; VESICLES

Addresses: Wang JG (reprint author), China Agr Univ, Dept Plant Nutr, Beijing, 100094 Peoples R China;Nankai Univ, Coll Life Sci, Tianjin, 300071 Peoples R China

E-mail Addresses: ruanweibin@nankai.edu.cn

Title: Allelopathic activity of a testa-derived solution from Siberian maple (Acer ginnala Maxim.) seeds

Author(s): Cawly J, Newton S, Bolyard M

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 227-238 OCT 2005

Abstract: We have studied the endogenous secondary metabolites present in the testa layers of Siberian maple (Acer ginnala Maxim.) fruit. We examined physical and chemical properties (specific gravity, light absorbance) of the testa-derived solution 'osmoticate', media conditions (pH, phytagar concentration) and the testa structure before and after the rehydration using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We examined in vitro, the effects of osmoticate on the seed germination and seedling development of both monocots [fescue (Festuca rubra L.)], dicots [tomato (Lycopersicon esculentuni Mill.) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)], In addition to the species examined here, other organisms were tested in preliminary bioassays, including single-celled alga (Oscillatoria and Oedogonium; Carolina Biological) by adding varying concentrations of osmoticate to algal cultures. Low concentrations of osmoticate showed a stimulatory effect, indicating that perhaps the osmoticate was providing additional nutrients or, not surprisingly, that the osmoticate contains low levels of plant growth hormones (19). The effects of higher concentrations of osmoticate have been inconclusive. All three test species showed impaired root development: root length was less in tomato; root orientation was abnormal in lettuce; while in fescue, secondary root development dominated the primary root length (near zero). Besides, we also examined the effect of the osmoticate on A. ginnala seed germination. Mostly seeds remained dormant in the presence of this soluction, osmoticate. These results strongly suggest that osmoticate may contain powerful, multi-functional allelochemical(s) that inhibit development of the competitors in the plant community and also simultaineously regulate the germination of Siberian maple.

Author Keywords: Acer; allelochemicals; allelopathy; dormancy; embryo; metabolites; osmotic potential; radicle; testa

KeyWords Plus: DORMANCY

Addresses: Bolyard M (reprint author), So Illinois Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Edwardsville, IL 62026 USA
E-mail Addresses: mbolyar@siue.edu

Title: Chlorogenic acid content in sweetpotato germplasm: Possible role in disease and pest resistance

Author(s): Peterson JK, Harrison HF, Snook ME, Jackson DM

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 239-249 OCT 2005

Abstract: Fourteen sweetpotato clones representing wide genetic diversity were field grown under low stress conditions. Chlorogenic acid contents were determined in periderm and cortex tissues of these clones. On dry weight basis, chlorogenic acid content in the periderm tissues ranged from 33 to 214 mu g g(-1) dry tissue and in the cortex from 1416 to 4213 mu g g(-1) dry tissue (181 to 1384 mu g g(-1) on fresh weight basis). In vitro bioassays were done to assess the bioactivity of chlorogenic acid on seed germination of proso millet (Panicum milliaceum L.), growth of four sweetpotato pathogenic fungi and growth and survival of diamondback moth larvae (Plutella xylostella). The highest levels of chlorogenic acid occurring in sweetpotato cortex tissue, exceeded the lowest concentrations that inhibited the growth and survival of diamondback moth larvae and the growth of three of four sweetpotato pathogenic fungi tested.

Author Keywords: allelopathy; bioassays; chlorogenic acid; concentration response; Fusarium oxysporum; Fusarium solani; Ipomoea batatas; Lasiodiplodia theobromae; Panicum milliaceum; Plutella xylostella; Rhizopus stolonifer; sweetpotato

KeyWords Plus: L LAM ROOTS; IPOMOEA-BATATAS; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; CAFFEIC ACID; TISSUE; LIVER; DISCOLORATION; BIOSYNTHESIS; MITOCHONDRIA

Addresses: Harrison HF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA
E-mail Addresses: hharrison@saa.ars.usda.gov

Title: Allelopathic effects of Poa pratensis on other grassland spp.

Author(s): Lipinska H, Wanda H

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 251-259 OCT 2005

Abstract: We estimated the allelopathic potential of water leachates from Poa pratensis leaves, sampled each month from May to September. The seeds of test species were irrigated daily with Poa pratensis leaf water leachates (1.25, 2.50, 5.00%). The distilled was used as control. The content of phenolic compounds was determined in the plant material. The effects of leaf water leachatcs of Poa pratensis on tested grass species, depended on the sampling dates of leaves. This implies that the accumulation and release of phytotoxins from plant tissues was affected by weather conditions as well as by plant developmental phase. The leaf leachates collected in July were most inhibitory to the growth of the studied species, because these leachates had the highest content of phenolic compounds. White clover proved the most and perennial ryegrass the least susceptible to allelopathic influence of P. pratensis.

Author Keywords: allelopathy; extracts; leachates; Lolium perenne; Phleum spp.; Poa pratensis; phenolic compounds; seasonal influences

KeyWords Plus: ALLELOCHEMICALS; GERMINATION

Addresses: Lipinska H (reprint author), Dept Grassland & Green Farming, 15 Akad Str, Lublin, PL-20950 Poland
E-mail Addresses: hllpl@yahoo.com

Title: Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) and effective microorganisms (EM) on various plants under allelopathic stress

Author(s): Bajwa R

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 261-271 OCT 2005

Abstract: Field and pot trials were conducted to investigate the effects of allelopathy on development of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and the role of AM association in alleviating the allelopathic stress on crop growth. In field studies, the allelopathic grasses [Imperata cylindrica (L) Beauv and Dicanthium annulatum (Forssk) Stapf.] decreased the mycorrhizal colonization of associated weeds. In pot trial the allelopathic stress of Melia azedarach L. leaf mulch on growth of maize (Zea mays L.) was significantly reduced by introducing AM fungi, Consequently, the root and shoot growth of mycorrhizal plants was improved than non-mycorrhizal plants. In another pot trial, AM inoculation significantly decreased the negative effects of aqueous leaf extract of Syzygium cumuni (L.) Skeels on growth, yield and N-content of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) plants. The potential to provide relief against allelopathic stress by AM fungi was found to be further enhanced by EM (Effective microorganisms) application.

Author Keywords: allelopathy; arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; chickpea; Dicanthium annulatum; EM; Imperata cylindrica; maize

KeyWords Plus: ROOTS; FUNGI; SOIL

Addresses: Bajwa R (reprint author), Univ Punjab, Dept Mycol & Plant Pathol, Lahore, Pakistan
E-mail Addresses: rukhsanabajwa_mppl@yahoo.com

Title: Weed suppression by winter cover crops

Author(s): Ercoli L, Masoni A, Pampana S

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 273-278 OCT 2005

Author Keywords: allelopathy; brown mustard; cover crops; hairy vetch; rye; weeds

KeyWords Plus: SEEDLING GROWTH; SECALE-CEREALE; MANAGEMENT; ALLELOPATHY; RESIDUE; SOIL

Addresses: Ercoli L (reprint author), Dipartimento Agron & Gest Agroecosistema, Via San Michele Scalzi 2, Pisa, I-56125 Italy
 E-mail Addresses: ercoli@sssup.it

Title: Effect of aqueous extracts of root and stubble of oat (Avena sativa L.) on seedling growth and protein utilization in mung bean (Vigna radiata L.).

Author(s): Gupta K, Jain V, Solanki IS, Tulika

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 279-287 OCT 2005

Author Keywords: aqueous extract; dry weight; growth; mungbean; oat; plumule; protein; radicle; root; stubble

Addresses: Gupta K (reprint author), Haryana Agr Univ, Dept Biochem, Hisar, Haryana 125004 India
E-mail Addresses: kaushalya_gg@rediffmail.com

Title: Allelopathic effects of weeds on germination and seedling growth of tomato

Author(s): Sannigrahi AK, Chakrabortty S

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 289-293 OCT 2005

Author Keywords: Cynodon dactylon; Cyperus rotundus; Eupatorium odoratum; Imperata cylindrica; Ipomoea sepiaria; Mikania cordata; Parthenium hysterophorus; seed germination; seedling vigour; tomato

Addresses: Sannigrahi AK (reprint author), Minist Def, Proof & Expt Estab, Balasore, Orissa 756025 India
E-mail Addresses: sannigrahi_ak@rediffmail.com

Title: Allelopathic effects of Prosopis chilensis (Molina) Stuntz. on germination and seedling growth of rice

Author(s): Punjani BL

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 295-299 OCT 2005

Author Keywords: allelopathy; fresh and dry matter; germination; Prosopis chilensis; root and shoot length; seedling growth

Addresses: Punjani BL (reprint author), Plot 200 ,AMBAR,Dist Shopping,Sector 21, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382021 India
E-mail Addresses: ambargnr@yahoo.com

Title: Effect of Ocimum americanum leachates on seed germination and seedling growth of Parthenium hysterophorus L.

Author(s): Thapar R, Singh NB

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 301-308 OCT 2005

Author Keywords: allelopathy; bioassay; chlorophyll; germination; Ocimum americanum; Parthenium hysterophorus

KeyWords Plus: CUCUMBER

Addresses: Singh NB (reprint author), Univ Allahabad, Dept Bot, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211002 India
E-mail Addresses: rt_thapar22@sify.com

Title: Effects of pollens of Datura alba L. on some crops

Author(s): Gaur S, Rana A, Chauhan SVS

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 309-315 OCT 2005

Author Keywords: Abelmoschus esculentus; Brassica juncea; Datura alba; Lycopersicon esculentum; pollen allelopathy; Solanum melongena L.

KeyWords Plus: PHLEUM-PRATENSE L; ALLELOPATHIC POLLEN; CORN POLLEN; SEED SET; IN-VITRO; POACEAE; GERMINATION; EXTRACT

Addresses: Gaur S (reprint author), Dr BR Ambedkar Univ, Sch Life Sci, Dept Bot, Khandari Campus, Agra, Uttar Pradesh 282002 India
E-mail Addresses: s_gaur09@yahoo.co.in

Title: Impact of leaf extract of Populus deltoides Marsh on germination and seedling growth of greengram (Vigna radiata L.)

Author(s): Mandal MP, Das DK, Singh AK

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 317-322 OCT 2005

Author Keywords: aqueous extracts; germination; greengrann; Populus deltoides; seedling growth

Addresses: Das DK (reprint author), Rajendra Agr Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Physiol, Samistipur, Bihar 848125 India
 E-mail Addresses: drdkdas@rediffmail.com

Title: Allelopathic studies of chillies (Capsicum annuum L.)

Author(s): Sindhu G, Kumar S, Sindhu A, Abdulla MK, Ali H

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 323-328 OCT 2005

Author Keywords: Amaranthus viridis; Capsicum annuum; inhibition; leachates; plumule; radicle; Trianthema portulacastrum

Addresses: Kumar S (reprint author), Kisan Post Grad Coll, Dept Bot, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 245207 India
E-mail Addresses: dr_sudhirK@rediffmail.com

Title: Effect of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) leachates on germination and seedling growth of weeds

Author(s): Sindhu A, Kumar S, Sindhu G, Ali H, Abdulla MK

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 329-334 OCT 2005

Author Keywords: allelopathy; Amaranthus viridis; Azadirachta indica; growth inhibition; leachates; Parthenium hysterophorus; stimulation

Addresses: Kumar S (reprint author), Kisan Post Grad Coll, Dept Bot, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 245207 India
E-mail Addresses: dr_sudhirK@rediffmail.com

Title: Allelopathic interactions of tree spp. with mustard crop

Author(s): Abdulla MK, Kumar S, Ali H, Sindhu A, Sindhu G

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 335-340 OCT 2005

Author Keywords: allelopathy; Albizzia lebbek; bark and leaf leachate; Brassica juncea; germination; Mangifera indica; Melia azedarach; Morus alba; seedling growth; Tectona grandis

Addresses: Kumar S (reprint author), Kisan Post Grad Coll, Dept Bot, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 245207 India
E-mail Addresses: dr_sudhirK@rediffmail.com

Title: Allelopathic effect of Amaranthus viridis (L.) and Parthenium hysterophorus (L.) on wheat, maize and rice

Author(s): Ali H, Kumar S, Abdulla MK, Sindhu G, Sindhu A

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 341-346 OCT 2005

Author Keywords: allelopathy; allelochemicals; Amaranthus viridis; extracts; germination; maize; Parthenium hysterophorus; rice; wheat

KeyWords Plus: GERMINATION; PLANTS

Addresses: Kumar S (reprint author), Kisan Post Grad Coll, Dept Bot, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 245207 India
E-mail Addresses: dr_sudhirK@rediffmail.com

Title: Feasibility of bio-control of Parthenium hysterophorus L. with foliar extracts of selected plants

Author(s): Saxena A, Bartariya G, Srivastava JN, Satsangi GP

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 347-352 OCT 2005

Author Keywords: Acacia nilotica; allelopathy; Artemisia annua; bioassay; Calotropis procera; Cassia fistula; Eucalyptus lanceolatus; germination; leaf leachates; Parthenium hysterophorus; Polyathia longifolia; Populus deltoides; Ricinus communis; seedling growth; Tagetes patula

KeyWords Plus: GROWTH; WEED

Addresses: Saxena A (reprint author), Dayalbagh Educ Inst, Fac Sci, Dept Bot, Agra, Uttar Pradesh 282005 India
E-mail Addresses: saxena_anjali26@yahoo.co.in

Title: Allelopathic potential of Cyperus rotundus (L) on germination and seedling growth of Oryza sativa (L)

Author(s): Bartariya G, Saxena A, Srivastava JN, Satsangi GP

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (2): 353-358 OCT 2005

Author Keywords: allelopathy; bioassay; Cyperus rotundus; germination; Oryza sativa; seedling growth; weeds

Addresses: Bartariya G (reprint author), Dayalbagh Educ Inst, Fac Sci, Dept Bot, Agra, Uttar Pradesh 282005 India
E-mail Addresses: garima_bartariya@yahoo.com

Title: Allelopathic plants. XVIL. Cistus ladanifer L.

Author(s): Dias AS, Costa CT, Dias LS

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (1): 1-30 JUL 2005

Abstract: Cistus ladanifer is a Mediterranean aromatic shrub with wide array of anatomical, phenological and physiological characteristics that explains its success as a pioneer species in and environments. Also, it is very well fitted to cyclic and strong disturbances as those resulting from frequent fires., Therefore, in addition to a general characterization of the species, we address the fire ecology of C ladanifer and the role that allelopathy might play in it. Ladane is singled out, considering not only its production and protective role but also presenting a comprehensive review of its chemical composition. Finally, allelopathic research involving microbes, crops and search for natural herbicides, and natural ecosystems is presented, reanalyzed and discussed emphasizing interactions of effects and their significance on the ecological role of secondary products of C ladanifer.

Author Keywords: Allelopathy; antagonism; Cistus ladanifer; fire ecology; flavonoids; germination; interaction of effects; ladane; natural herbicides; phenolic acids; seeds; steroids; synergy; terpenoids; trichomes; UV protection

KeyWords Plus: PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; GENUS-CISTUS; L CISTACEAE; CUTICULAR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OIL; GUM LABDANUM; SEED-GERMINATION; SAPONIFICATION PRODUCTS; FLAVONOID AGLYCONES; EPICUTICULAR WAXES

Addresses: Dias LS (reprint author), Univ Evora, Ctr Quim, Dept Quim, Evora, P-7002554 Portugal
E-mail Addresses: lsdias@uevora.pt

Title: Allelochemicals as fluorescent markers, dyes and probes

Author(s): Roshchina VV

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (1): 31-46 JUL 2005

Abstract: Some allelochemicals, viz., alkaloids and terpenoids, can fluoresce by excitation from ultra-violet or violet light. The fluorescence occurred both in intact secretory plant cells rich in alkaloids and terpenoids and in excretions from the cells of various organs of Achillea millefolium L., Berberis vulgaris L., Chelidonium majus L., Gaillardia pulchella Foug., Abies sibirica L., Ruta graveolens L.; Mentha piperita L., Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Among the allelopatically active species studied, bright orange light emission was peculiar to root idioblasts of Ruta graveolens, which contain acridone alkaloids, especially rutacridone and to laticifers of Chelidonium. majus, including alkaloids sanguinarine and chelerythrine, where blue fluorescence was seen due to sesquiterpene lactones located in secretory cells of leaves and flowers of genera Achillea, Artemisia and Gaillardia.. The fluorescence may serve as a marker for the cytodiagnostics of the secretory structures in luminescent microscope. In our experiments, alkaloids viz., berberine, glaucine, casuarine fluoresced in violet-blue (410-470 nm) and green-yellow region with maximum 520 nm; the alkaloids rutacridone, sanguinarine, chelerythrine in orange spectral region (585-600 nm) and sesquiterpene lactones viz., artemisinine, tauremisine, gaillardine in violet-blue (410 470 nm). When the pure fluorescent substances (10(-6)-10(-5)M) were added to the acceptor cell (vegetative. microspores of Equisetum arvense or pollen of Hippeastrum hybridum) that served for the modelling of allelopathic interactions, the changes in their fluorescence were seen. Alkaloids, which also have the anti cholinesterase activity, such as berberine and sanguinarine concentrated and fluoresced with yellow-orange colour on the surface of the cell. Pollen germination in artificial nutrient medium decreased after the addition of berberine and sanguinarine. As for alkaloid rutacridone and sesquiterpene lactones (artemisinine, azulene and gaillardine) which passed through plasmalemma into the cell, they stained intracellular structures. As a result, nuclei and chloroplasts became green- lightening (the staining with rutacridone) or blue- lightening (the staining with sesquiterpene lactones). The compounds may be used to study the mechanisms of allelochemical action and in laboratory practice as fluorescent dyes and probes.

Author Keywords: Alkaloids; allelochemicals; artemisinine; chemosignalling; Equisetum arvense; fluorescence; gaillardine; Hippeastrum; hybridum; microspores; pollen; sensory systems; sesquiterpene lactones; tauremizine

KeyWords Plus: MECHANISMS; POLLEN

Addresses: Roshchina VV (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Inst Cell Biophys, Pushchino, 142290 Russia
E-mail Addresses: roshchma@icb.psn.ru

Title: Pot cultures : simple tool and complex problem

Author(s): Politycka B, Lipinska H

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 16 (1): 47-62 JUL 2005

Abstract: The pot studies are very important part of allelopathy research. There are different methods of pot cultures for allelopathy investigations. Several methodological problems and conditioning are outlined, which must be met to obtain credible evidences, confirming the allelopathy phenomena in the ecosystem. Attention has been called to the aspects which should be considered in planning and conduct of experiments. The obtained results should be interpreted with extreme caution.

Author Keywords: allelopathy; allelochemicals; methodological problems; pot-cultures

KeyWords Plus: SEEDLING GROWTH; PHYTOTOXIC SUBSTANCES; CUCUMBER SEEDLINGS; FERULIC ACID; PHENOLIC-COMPOUNDS; LEAF EXPANSION; BIDENS-PILOSA; GRAIN-SORGHUM; ION UPTAKE; ALLELOPATHY

Addresses: Politycka B (reprint author), Agr Univ Lublin, Dept Grassland & Green Farming, Akad 15, Lublin, PL-20950 Poland
E-mail Addresses: