Title: Pioneers of allelopathy : XIII. German F. Naumov (1927-1997)

Author(s): Proskurnin NV, Podoba LV, Kuforiji OA, Golovko EA, Kisel MS

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 12 (2): 139-145 OCT 2003

Abstract: Professor German F. Naumov was a famous Scientist in the field of allelopathy and nitrogen fixation. He made significant contributions oil allelopathic nature of extracts of germinating seeds and their effects oil other crops growth and yield and oil biological nitrogen fixation (symbiotic and associative) in agricultural crops. His research work was mainly oil the allelopathic effects of macro symbiosis oil seed germination and plant growth.

Author Keywords: agriculture; allelochemicals; allelopathy; biography; microorganisms; Naumov; nitrogen fixation; plant; seed

Addresses: Kuforiji OA (reprint author), Int Inst Trop Agr, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria
Kharkov State Agrarian Univ, Dept Genet & Plant Breeding, Kharkov, UA-62483 Ukraine

Title: Allelopathic plants. 10. Lantana camara L.

Author(s): Ambika SR, Poornima S, Palaniraj R, Sati SC, Narwal SS

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 12 (2): 147-161 OCT 2003

Abstract: Lantana camara L. is all introduced weed ill the tropics and subtropics and infests 14 crops in 47 countries. It invades forests, riverbanks, roadsides, pastures, agricultural lands and disturbed ecosystems. Being an invasion interrupts regeneration process and reduces biodiversity of natural ecosystems. It has hundreds Of cultivars and hybrids. It has about 15 varieties. Lantana and other alien species have caused the extinction of 58 native plant species in the Cape Floristic Kingdom and have contributed to the endangered status of more than 3435 other plants in South Africa. Its leaves, roots and fruits contain allelochemicals mainly aromatic alkaloids and phenolics. These allelochemicals promote or inhibit the crop growth based on their concentration and are species specific. It also produces volatile allelochemicals from its leaves. It is toxic to grazing animals and has adverse effects on humans. This specie also has medicinal, herbicidal and fungistatic activity.

Author Keywords: Abelmoschus esculentus; Abutilon theophrasti; Asterella angusta; Aspergillum niger; Bryum cellulare; chickpea; chillies; Chinese cabbage; Cucurbita pepo; Cyclosorus dentatus; Eichhornia crassipes; fenugreek; fingermillet; Lantana camara; Lepidium virginicum; Lolium multiflorum; Lycopersicon esculentum; Melilotus alba; Morrenia odorata; Mucor nucedo; pea; Phaseolus vulgaris; radish; rape; rice; soybean; spinach; tomato; Vigna mungo; wheat; Zea mays

KeyWords Plus: SPORE GERMINATION; ODORATA; EXTRACT; GROWTH; CROPS

Addresses: Ambika SR (reprint author), Bangalore Univ, Dept Bot, Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bangalore, Karnataka 560056 India; Haryana Agr Univ, Dept Agron, Natl Fellowship Project, Hisar, Haryana 125004 India

Title: Allelopathy research in mainland China

Author(s): Ma YQ

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 12 (2): 163-178 OCT 2003

Abstract: In China, the allelopathy research has been done oil various aspects viz., crop-crop interactions, weed-crop interactions, weed management, agroforestry, pastures and grasslands and agroecosystems. The allelopathic effects of crops (wheat, Triticum aestivum L., soybean, Glycine max Merril), weeds (rice and Echinochloa crus-galli; wheat and Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel), trees, and miscellaneous spp. have been studied in laboratory bioassays, pot cultures and field studies.Wheat allelopathy research were conducted both in laboratory and field condition since wheat-maize rotation system is very common in North China. Wheat straw mulching Oil coming maize field was recommended by governmental behavior. Several research groups have conducted research on soybean allelopathy because continuous cropping in Northeast of China and some of the allelochemicals were identified. In weed-crop interactions allelopathic effect of Bidens pilosa, Ambrosia trifida, Pedicularis longiflora, Ageratum conyzoides, Eupatorium adenophorum and Miscellaneous weed species were reported. In agro-forestry systems allelopathic effect of some Poplar and Eucalypus species were listed. Autotoxicity of Chinese-fir and Pinus massoniana, Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook. and Casuarnia equisetifolia was studied by some of the Chinese allelopathy researchers. In the natural communities allelopathic effect of Dicranopteris dichotoma (Thumb.) Bernh, Woodwordia japonica (L.f.) Sm. and Hicriopteris glauca (Thumb.) Ching., Chinese wedelia (Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr.), Dicranopteris pedata (Houtt.) Nakaike, Stellera chamaejasme L., Artemisia ordosica were conducted. Stellera chamaejasme is a natural grassland degradation indicator weed in North of China. Research achievements and further research requirements for China are discussed in this paper.

Author Keywords: agroecosystems; agroforestry; allelopathy; crops; grasses; trees; weed management; weeds

Addresses: Ma YQ (reprint author), NW Univ Agr & Forest, Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Soil & Water Conservat, State Key Lab Soil Eros & Dry Land Farming Loess, Shaanxi, 712100 Peoples R China
　

Title: The performance of allelopathic heterosis in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Author(s): Lin WX, He HQ, Kim KU, Liang KJ, Guo YC, Liang YY, Chene FY

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 12 (2): 179-188 OCT 2003

Abstract: Five parental rice varieties with different allelopathic potentials were Used for diallel cross based on [P P+1, /2] design to get genetic materials including parental lines and two generations of F(1)s. The dynamics of heterosis for allelopathy in rice at different leaf stages was analyzed using additive-dominant developmental genetic model. The results showed that heterosis in both F-1 and F-2 was inhibitory to shoot and root length of lettuce (Lactuca saliva L). The heterotic effects in allelopathy varied with the leaf stage of rice accession. Simultaneous backcrossing and selfing breeding method was Used to develop the hybrid rice with allelopathic activity and the isogenic hybrid rice with non-allelopathic effect on weeds. It was also indicated that heterotic effect on allelopathy in rice was positively-significant, showing higher heterosis over mid-parent. This hybrid rice had the additive suppressive effect Oil the target weed barnyardgrass, exhibiting a large deviation from the resource competition curve. Thus we improved the genetic performance of the trait in this hybrid combination for commercial use.

Author Keywords: allelopathy; hybrid rice; isogenic line with allelopathy; selfing; simultaneous backcrossing

Addresses: Lin WX (reprint author), Fujian Agr & Forestry Univ, Sch Life Sci, Fuzhou, 350002 Peoples R China
　

Title: Allelopathic effects of crude volatile oil and aqueous extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. Leaves on crops and weeds

Author(s): Moradshahi A, Ghadiri H, Ebrahimikia F

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 12 (2): 189-195 OCT 2003

Abstract: The allelopathic potential of crude volatile oil and aqueous extract of the leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis was investigated on mitotic index in the root apical meristem of Allium cepa, Hill, reaction in isolated spinach (Spinacia oleracea) chloroplast and on radicle growth and peroxidase activity in Lepidium sativa, Echinochloa crusgalli, Avena fatua, Rumex acetosella, Zea mays and Lycopersicon esculentum. The presence of different concentrations of crude volatile oil or aqueous leaf extract, decreased the mitotic index. Volatile oil at 0.25 ml/l and aqueous extract at 50 g/l decreased the mitotic index and number of cells in prophase, metaphase and anaphase by > 97%. Volatile oil and aqueous leaf extract also affected the Hill reaction as evident decrease from to a DCPIP reduction. Aqueous leaf extract at 50 g/l inhibited the Hill reaction by 88%. Although leaf volatile oil had small effect on peroxidase activity but aqueous leaf extract decreased the enzymic activity significantly. Aqueous extract at 100 g/L inhibited peroxidase activity in L. sativum by 95% relative to control. Both aqueous leaf extract and crude volatile oil Suppressed the radicle growth in all that plant species. Complete inhibition of radicle growth by volatile oil was observed at 2.5 ml/l. These results suggest that Eucalyptus species suppress the growth of other plant species by affecting several biochemical and physiological processes.

Author Keywords: allelopathy; Allium cepa; Avena falia; Echinochloa crusgalli; Eucalyptus camaldulensis; Hill reaction; Lepidium sativa; Lycopersicon esculentum mitotic index; peroxidase activity Rumex acetoselia; Spinacta oleracea; Zea mays

KeyWords Plus: PEROXIDASE-ACTIVITY; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; CITRIODORA; ROOTS

Addresses: Ghadiri H (reprint author), Shiraz Univ, Coll Agr, Dept Agron, Shiraz, Iran
　

Title: Identification of potential allelochemicals from Kava (Piper methysticum L.) root

Author(s): Xuan TD, Eiji T, Hiroyuki T, Mitsuhiro M, Khanh TD

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 12 (2): 197-203 OCT 2003

Author Keywords: barnyardgrass; growth inhibitor; inhibition; phenolic acid; HPLC; TLC

KeyWords Plus: MEDICAGO-SATIVA L.; SUSPECTED ALLELOCHEMICALS; GROWTH; RICE

Addresses: Xuan TD (reprint author), Miyazaki Univ, Fac Agr, Lab Crop Sci, Gakuen Kibanadai Nishi 1-1, Miyazaki, 8892192 Japan
　

Title: Antibacterial activity of plant extracts from uttaranchal hills, India

Author(s): Kaushik RD, Garg GK, Sharma G, Arora C

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 12 (2): 205-213 OCT 2003

Author Keywords: aqueous/methanol extracts; bactericidal activity; Bacillus megatrium; Escherichia coli; Pseudomonas fluorescence; Sarcina lutea; Staphylococcus spp.; Xanthomonas spp.

KeyWords Plus: FUNGAL PATHOGENS

Addresses: Kaushik RD (reprint author), Gurukul Kangri Univ, Dept Chem, Haridwar, 249404 India
　

Title: Insects associated with Ziziphus plants during the flowering and non-flowering seasons

Author(s): Shonouda ML

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 12 (2): 215-220 OCT 2003

Author Keywords: allelochemicals; flowering season; natural enemies; non-flowering; season; parasitoids; predators; Ziziphus

KeyWords Plus: HOSTS

Addresses: Shonouda ML (reprint author), Univ Alexandria, Fac Sci, Dept Zool, Alexandria, Egypt
　

Title: Effect of glucosinolates on the feeding behaviour of mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach)

Author(s): Dilawari VK, Singh N, Kumari A, Dhaliwal GS

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 12 (2): 221-228 OCT 2003

Abstract: Feeding behaviour of the Mustard aphid was tested on Parafilm sachets containing 30% sucrose supplemented with glucosinolates extracts from Brassica cultivars. It was observed that the probing period was the longest on the feeding medium supplemented with glucosinolates from the vegetative stages of Brassica campestris var. YSPb-24 (4.49 min/aphid) followed by those from B. juncea vars. RH 7846 (3.60) and Purple mutant (2.65), B. tournifortii (1.90) and B. napus var. GSH-1 (1.72). When the glucosinolates in the sucrose Solution were Supplemented with glucosinolates from the flowering stages of these cultivars, probing was the longest on the medium containing glucosinolates from B. campestris (4.70) followed by B. juncea var. purple mutant (4.20), B. napus (3.24), B. juncea var. RH 7846 (2.96) and B. tounifortii (2.60). In general, feeding was improved by supplementing diets with glucosinolates from flowering stages of host plants and this change was maximum in B. napus (46%) while feeding was reduced in B. juncea (12%). The analysis of host plants showed marked differences in the content of glucosinolates from cultivar to cultivar and between the growth stages. The relationship between feeding and allyl glucosinolate (0.27) was non-significant while relationships with but-3-enyl- (0.53) and OH-indol-3-yl-glucosinolates (-0.50) were significant (p=0.05). The biology-of the aphid was also studied and correlated with the glucosinolates content of host plants.

Author Keywords: Brassica campestris; glucosinolate; growth rate; Lipaphis erysimi; mustard aphid; Rape-mustard

Addresses: Dilawari VK (reprint author), Punjab Agr Univ, Dept Entomol, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004 India
　

Title: Buckwheat allelopathy: Use in weed management

Author(s): Tsuzuki E, Dong YJ

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 12 (1): 1-11 JUL 2003

Abstract: This review describes the allelopathy in three species of buckwheat, annual (Fagopyrum esculentum), perennial (F cymosum) and tartary (F. tataricum)] and the possibility of its use for weed management in rice fields through application of buckwheat pellets. The perennial species has the strongest allelopathy among three species tested. Ten kinds of allelochemicals are associated with the allelopathy of buckwheat. Buckwheat pellets contain allelochemicals that inhibit the growth of weeds. They have selective inhibition on weed species and inhibitory effects becomes greater in early application in transplanted rice.

Author Keywords: allelochemicals; allelopathy; buckwheat pellets; Fagopyrum esculentum; F. cymosum; F. talaricum; weed sp.

KeyWords Plus: HELIANTHUS-ANNUUS; SUNFLOWERS; HERBICIDE

Addresses: Tsuzuki E (reprint author), Miyazaki Univ, Fac Agr, Lab Crop Sci, Miyazaki, 8892192 Japan
　

Title: Allelopathic plants. 9. Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit.

Author(s): John J, Narwal SS

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 12 (1): 13-36 JUL 2003

Abstract: Leticaena leitcocephala is the most productive and versatile multi-purpose legume tree in tropical agriculture and has several uses, thus called 'miracle tree'. It is a popular choice for intercropping with annuals in hedgerow or alley cropping systems. Its allelopathic effects oil cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fodder crops, weeds, trees etc. have been reviewed in this paper. The foliage and pods of Leucaena contain the toxic amino acid mimosine [beta-N-(3-hydroxy-4-pyridone)-alpha-aminopropionic acid] and many other phytotoxic compounds. The toxic effects of mimosine oil plants and physiology of its action have been discussed. The future areas identified for research in Leucaena are: (a) studies on its allelopathic compatibility with different crops to identify sustainable agroforestry systems (b) investigations to overcome its adverse allelopathic effects and mimosine toxicity and (c) possibility of using the allelopathic compounds in Leucaena as natural herbicides.

Author Keywords: Abelmoschus esculentus; Acacia auriculiformis; Acacia nilotica; Ageratum conyzoides; agroforestry; allelopathy; allelochemicals; Avena sativa; Brachiaria spp.; Brassica juncea; Cajanus cajan; Carthamus thictorius; Casuarina equisetifolia; cereals; Cicer arietimum; Cucumis salivus; dihyroxypyridine; Eucalyptus tereticornis; fodder; Glycine max; Helianthus annus; Lactuca saliva; Leucaena leucocephala; Lycopersicon esculentum; mimosine; oilseeds; Oryza sativa; Parthenium hysterophorus; phenolics; Pongamia pinnata; pulses; Secale cereale; Sesbania grandiflora; Solanum melongena; Sorghum vulgare; trees; Triticum aestivum; vegetables; Vigna mungo; Vigna radiata; Vigna unguiculata; weeds; Zea mays

KeyWords Plus: GROWTH; MIMOSINE; MULCH; GERMINATION; NIGERIA; SYSTEMS; YIELD; MPTS; L.

Addresses: John J (reprint author), Kerala Agr Univ, Coll Agr, Padannakkad PO, Kasaragod, Kerala 671328 India
　

Title: Evaluation of screening methods to determine the allelopathic potential of rice varieties against Echinochloa crus-galli Beauv. var. oryzicola ohwi

Author(s): Lee SB, Kim KH, Hahn SJ, Chung IM

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 12 (1): 37-52 JUL 2003

Abstract: This study was conducted to compare four methods (Relay seeding, ratooning, straw meal mixture and hydroponic culture) to identify a simple, rapid and reliable technique for mass screening of rice varieties for allelopathy potential to barnyardgrass (Echinochloa cnis-galli Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi). The relay seeding method, revealed differences in barnyardgrass growth inhibition between rice varieties. The hydroponic culture screening method, showed differences in barnyardgrass root length, growth and pH of the culture solution.. The ratoon screening method, showed variability in rice varieties potential for growth inhibition of barnyardgrass. Rice varieties showing high growth inhibition of barnyardgrass were taller, had higher tillers and produced more biomass than did the low inhibition varieties. The rice straw meal and soil Mixture cultivation method also showed the maximum coefficient of variation in barnyardgrass root length. The growth parameters (early vigour, plant height, tillers number) of 39 rice varieties from 2 groups (Japonica and Indica varieties) were compared for suppression effect on root length of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crusgalli var. oryzicola.). Amongst the 39 rice varieties tested Taichung native I exhibited the highest allelopathic potential. The laboratory screening of rice varieties showed. different growth ability at different growth density and growth stage of rice in the cultivation of soil condition.

Author Keywords: allelopathy; barnyardgrass; Echinochloa crusgalli; hydroponic culture; Oryza sativa; ratooning; relay seeding; rice varieties; straw meal mixture

KeyWords Plus: IDENTIFICATION; GERMINATION; GERMPLASM; GROWTH; AGENTS; STRAW

Addresses: Chung IM (reprint author), Konkuk Univ, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Dept Crop Sci, Seoul, 143701 South Korea
　

Title: Periderm resin glycoside contents of sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. clones and their biological activity

Author(s): Harrison HF, Peterson JK, Jackson DM, Snook ME

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 12 (1): 53-60 JUL 2003

Abstract: The total resin glycoside content in the periderm of 37 sweetpotato cultivars and breeding clones was measured by HPLC and varied greatly among the clones, the highest content was 10.02 % of the periderm dry weight and the lowest was 0.05 %. Insect damage ratings of the clones and their periderm resin glycoside content were negatively correlated and all clones with high resin glycoside content exhibited moderate or low injury from insects. Resin glycosides extracted. from 'Regal' periderm and incorporated into potato dextrose agar medium Were inhibitory to the :growth of four fungal species of sweetpotato roots; however, these fungi exhibited variable response. These observations provide evidence that sweetpotato. resin glycosides contribute to the insect and disease resistance in the roots of some sweetpotato-clones.

Author Keywords: allelopathy; disease resistance; glycosides; insect resistance; Ipomea batatas; sweet potato

KeyWords Plus: COMPONENTS; JALAPINS; GROWTH; ROOTS; SEED

Addresses: Harrison HF (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Vegetable Lab, 2875 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA
　

Title: Allelopathic influence of Cannabis sativa on growth and metabolism of Parthenium hysterophorus

Author(s): Singh NB, Thapar R

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 12 (1): 61-70 JUL 2003

Abstract: The phytotoxic effects of leaf leachates of female plants of Cannabis saliva were studied on morphological and biochemical parameters of Parthenium hysterophorus. Dry leaf leachates of C. saliva caused maximum reduction in biological activities in P. hysterophorus. The magnitude of inhibition in the physiological processes of Parthenium followed the order : dry leaf leachate > fresh leaf leachate > control. The leachtes reduced the seed germination, fresh weight and pigment content of the test plant. The protein content and nitrate reductase activity followed a decreasing trend with an increase in concentration of leaf leachates.

Author Keywords: allelopathy; bioassay; Cannabis saliva; chlorophyll; germination; leaf leachate; nitrate reductase enzyme; Parthenitan hysterophorus; protein

KeyWords Plus: HIGHER-PLANTS; NITRATE ASSIMILATION; NITROGEN

Addresses: Singh NB (reprint author), Univ Allahabad, Dept Bot, Plant Physiol Lab, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211002 India
　

Title: Isolation and identification of allelochemicals from sugarcane leaves

Author(s): Singh P, Suman A, Shrivastava AK

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 12 (1): 71-79 JUL 2003

Abstract: Sequential partitioning of the aqueous extracts of sugarcane leaves against a series of solvents of increasing polarity separated the most active compounds in diethyl ether fractions. The other active fractions included ethyl acetate, petroleum ether and dichloromethane. The activity was determined by lentil root growth assay. Bioassays after TLC indicated two major zones of activity. Further separation of diethyl ether extract revealed two new toxic compounds viz., 2,4-dihydroxy-1, 4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIBOA) and benzoxazolin-2-one (BOA) in sugarcane leaves. In bioassay, DIBOA and BOA inhibited the root growth of lentil seedlings by 50% or more at 0.45 mM and 1.25-mM concentrations, respectively. Only DIBOA showed significant activity on wheat, but nether of the compounds inhibited the seed germination at concentrations tested.

Author Keywords: allelochemicals; benzoxazolin-2-one (BOA); 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIBOA); hydroxamic acids; lentil; phytotoxicity; sugarcane; wheat

KeyWords Plus: ZEA-MAYS; ABSENCE; SATIVA; PLANTS; MAIZE

Addresses: Singh P (reprint author), Indian Inst Sugarcane Res, Div Plant Physiol & Biochem, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001 India
　

Title: Insecticidal activity of Ageratum conyzoides against the Oxya hyla nymphs

Author(s): Marngar D, Kharbuli B

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 12 (1): 81-88 JUL 2003

Author Keywords: Ageratum conyzoides; antifeedent; insecticidal; nymphs; Oxya hyla; plant-extracts

KeyWords Plus: CULEX-QUINQUEFASCIATUS; PLANT-EXTRACTS; CULICIDAE; DIPTERA; INSECTS; GROWTH

Addresses: Kharbuli B (reprint author), NE Hill Univ, Dept Zool, Physiol Anim Lab, Shillong, Meghalaya 793022 India
　

Title: Effects of Digera muricata L. Mart on-germination and seedling growth of Sorghum bicolor L. varieties

Author(s): Karthiyayini R, Ponnammal NR, Rajesh B

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 12 (1): 89-93 JUL 2003

Author Keywords: allelopathy; Digera muricata; germination; leachates; seedling growth; Sorghum bicolor; vigour index

Addresses: Karthiyayini R (reprint author), Kongunadu Arts & Sci Coll, Dept Bot, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641029 India
　

Title: Allelopathic plants: 8. Parthenium hysterophorus L.

Author(s): Narwal SS, Palaniraj R, Sati SC, Kadian HS, Dahiya DS

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 11 (2): 151-170 APR 2003

Abstract: Parthenium hysterophorus is the most obnoxious allelopathic weed that reduces the growth and productivity of associated crops due to release and accumulation of phytotoxins from its decomposing biomass and root exudates in soil during the crop growth. Bioassay, pot culture and field studies revealed that all plant parts viz., shoot, root, inflorescence, seed are toxic to crop plants and some lower plants. Several phenolic acids and pseudoguaianolides have been identified from parthenium plant and its infested soil. The major compounds are: caffeic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, p-cournaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, anisic acid and parthenin and two parthenin derivatives, 8beta-hydroxyparthenin and anhydroparthenin. These compounds inhibited the germination and seedling growth of associated crops.

Author Keywords: A. conyzoides; allelochemicals; Aspergillus spp; Avena fatua; Azolla nilotica; Azotobacter vinetandii; Bidens pilosa; Brassica campestris; buckwheat; Cajanus cajan; Capsicum annuum; cauliflower; Cenchrus ciliaris; Ceratophyllum demersum; Chromolaena odorata; clusterbean; cotton; cowpea; Cuscuta sp; Cynodon dactylon; Digilaria ciliaris; Echinochloa crassipes; Echinochloa crus-galli; Hordeum vulgare; Hydrilla verticillata; Lemna pausicostata; Najas graminea; Phaseolus aureus; pearlmillet; Pennisetum glaucum; Phaseolus vulgaris; pigeonpea; Pistia stratiotes; Pisum sativum; Polygonum convolvulus; Raphanus sativus; Rhizobium phaseoli; rice; rye; Salvinia molesta; Sorghum vulgare; soybean; Spirodella polyrhiza; tomato; Triticum aestivum; Urochloa panicoides; Vigna sinensis; V. umbellata; Vigna mungo; Zea mays

KeyWords Plus: AUTOTOXICITY; EXTRACTS

Addresses: Narwal SS (reprint author), Haryana Agr Univ, Coll Agr, Off Natl Fellow Agron, Hisar, Haryana 125004 India
　

Title: Effect of application of alfalfa root saponins aqueous solution on the plant structure, yield and quality of winter wheat

Author(s): Podolska G, Bialy Z, Jurzysta M, Waller GR

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 11 (2): 171-183 APR 2003

Abstract: This study was done to evaluate the effect of spraying of total saponins Solutions isolated from the roots of alfalfa on wheat plants at different growth stages. Total saponins from the roots of alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) cv. 'Radius' were isolated as per standard method. The micro-plot experiments were conducted during 19992001 on winter wheat cv. 'Sakwa'. The crop was sprayed with various concentrations of saponin solutions (0.01%, 0.1%, 1% and water as control) at GS 23, 32, 56, 75 growth phases as per Zadoks scale. During vegetative growth the number of tillers per plant, fresh (green) and dry wheat, leaf area index (LAI), flag leaf area (FLA) and disease incidence were evaluated. After harvest, the grain yield, yield components (number of plants and heads per/m(2), productive tillers, grain yield/plant and per head, number of kemels/head and per plant and 1000-kemels weight) and seed quality were determined. The spraying of winter wheat plants with different saponin concentrations at various phenological phases had no negative effect on growth parameters, grain yield and quality of wheat flour. These results indicate that saponins (0.01-0.1%) call be safely applied on wheat crop as fungicides or insecticides.

Author Keywords: dry weight; fresh weight; growth stages; leaf area; Medicago sativa; saponins; quality; winter wheat; yield; yield components

KeyWords Plus: MEDICAGO-SATIVA L; BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY; GROWTH

Addresses: Jurzysta M (reprint author), Inst Soil Sci & Plant Cultivat, Czartoryskich 8, Pulawy, PL-24100 Poland
　

Title: Small-scale distribution of plants in the vicinity of competitors: Possible effects of allelopathy

Author(s): Sanchez-Moreiras M, Gonzalez L, Reigosa MJ

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 11 (2): 185-193 APR 2003

Abstract: Dactylis glomerata, Trifolium repens and Medicago sativa were germinated on a hillside with previously established plants of Conyza canadensis or Polygonum persicaria planted at 1 m intervals. The study was designed to investigate the effect of slope on allelopathic interactions. Densities of receptor plants downhill from C canadensis and P. persicaria plants were reduced, which indicates a possible allelopathic interaction. Soil respiration rates were found to correlate with the spatial distribution of D. glomerata, T repens and M sativa. The study aimed to minimise competition for light, water and minerals, so the potential allelopathic effect of C canadensis and P. persicaria could be investigated under field conditions.

Author Keywords: alfalfa; allelopathic interaction; cocksfoot; Conyza canadensis; field bioassay; Polygonum persicaria; soil respiration; white clover

KeyWords Plus: PHENOLIC-ACIDS; SOIL; PHYTOTOXICITY; SYSTEMS

Addresses: Reigosa MJ (reprint author), Univ Vigo, Dept Biol Vexetal & Ciencias Solo, Vigo, 36200 Spain
　

Title: Modelling aeration effects on plant residue allelopathy

Author(s): An M, Zeng RS, Johnson IR, Lovett JV

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 11 (2): 195-200 APR 2003

Abstract: A mechanistic model of residue allelopathy was used to simulate the effects of aeration on allelochemicals production and their phytotoxicity. The results showed that aeration greatly effected the development of phytotoxicity during residue decomposition. Under anaerobic conditions, during the early stage of decomposition, the allelochemicals production reaches its maximum and declines as decomposition proceeds i.e. pattern of allelopathy was not. altered. However, under aerobic conditions, the intensity and pattern of residue allelopathy, were significantly modified.

Author Keywords: aeration; allelochemical(s); allelopathin(s); microorganisms; model; phytotoxicity; plant residue

KeyWords Plus: WHEAT STRAW; DECOMPOSITION; PHYTOTOXICITY; SOIL

Addresses: Zeng RS (reprint author), S China Agr Univ, Coll Agr, Inst Trop & Subtrop Ecol, Guangzhou, 510642 Peoples R China
　

Title: Effect of weed extracts on uptake of P and Zn in wheat varieties

Author(s): Saxena S, Sharma K, Kumar S, Sand NK, Rao PB

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 11 (2): 201-215 APR 2003

Abstract: Effect of three weeds extracts viz., Ageratum conyzoides L., Metilotus indica All. and Parthenium hysterophorus L were examined on seed germination, seedling growth, uptake of both (32)p and Zn-65 isotopes and their distribution in plant parts of three varieties (UP-2338, PBW-226, RR-21) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The weed extracts showed variable effects on germination and seedling growth of all test varieties of wheat. The effect of weed extracts on seedling growth, [length, dry weight (plumule, radice, total)] of different varieties indicated that the variety PBW-226 was resistant and RR-21 was susceptible. Among the weed spp., A. conyzoides caused maximum reduction in seedling growth of all wheat varieties compared to P. hysterophorus and M. indica. The weed extracts also interfered in the uptake of both P-32 and Zn-65 and there was gradual decrease in their uptake in both root and shoot of all wheat varieties with increasing concentration of extracts. The extracts of M indica and A. conyzoides were more inhibitory to uptake of (32)p and Zn-65, respectively. The autoradiograms showed that the distribution of 32p in different varieties of wheat followed the order: root-shoot transition zone > root > shoot > leaves. The phenolics such as gallic, vanillic, protocatechuic and p-hydroxybenzoic acids were identified from these weed extracts. The inhibition in seed germination, seedling growth and nutrient uptake may be due to these phenolics and other secondary metabolites in weed extracts.

Author Keywords: Ageratum conyzoides; autoradiography; germination; Meltilotus indica; nutrient uptake; Parthenium hysterophorus; phenolics; seedling growth; weed extract

KeyWords Plus: GERMINATION

Addresses: Rao PB (reprint author), Govind Ballabh Pant Univ Agr & Technol, Coll Basic Sci & Humanities, Dept Sci Biol, Pantnagar, Uttar Pradesh 263145 India
　

Title: Fungicidal activity of plants extracts from Uttaranchal hills against soybean fungal pathogens

Author(s): Arora C, Kaushik RD

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 11 (2): 217-227 APR 2003

Abstract: The screening of methanolic extracts of 41 plant spp. for their fungicidal activity against 3 soybean fungal pathogens (Colletotrichum truncatum, Fusarium oxysporum and Macrophomina phaseolina, which cause the pod blight, wilt/root rot and charcoal rot diseases of soybean respectively), showed that the aqueous/methanol extracts of 12 plants were not inhibitory to test fungal pathogens. The 17 plant extracts (aqueous) were effective against one or more pathogens. Dry hot water extract of B. aristata, B. albiflora and L. camara were highly potent against C. truncatum, fresh hot water extract of P. lapathifolium was most potent against F. oxysporum and dry hot water extract of C viscosa and M. longifolia were significantly potent against M. phaseolina. Dry methanol extract of B. aristata, C. bonariensis, C. viscosa, L. camara and V. negundo significantly inhibited all test fungal pathogens. B. albiflora, P. glabrum, O. vulgare, and R. arboretum cause significant inhibition in the growth of C. truncatum. Further, A. marmelos, B. aristata, B. albiflora, C. bonariensis, C. sativa, C. viscosa, E. karvinskianus, H. spicatum, L kumaonesis, J adhatoda, L. camara, L. nepetaelifolia, L. ovalifolia, M. longifolia, P. hydropiper, P. lapathifolium, P. polystachyum, P. serrulatum, S. insigne, V. jatamansi, V. negundo and W. fruticosa proved significantly potent against F. oxysporum. While, A. marmelos, B. aristata, C. bonariensis, C. sativa, C. viscosa, H. spicatum, L. camara, L. nepetaelifolia, M longifolia, V. jatamansi, V. negundo and W. fruticosa showed good fungicidal activity against M phaseolina. The effective plant spp. may further. be screened as promising species for fungicidal action.

Author Keywords: Colletotrichum truncatum; fungicidal potential; Fusarium oxysporum; Macrophomina phaseolina; hot water extract; methanol extract; water extract

Addresses: Kaushik RD (reprint author), Gurukul Kangri Univ, Dept Chem, Haridwar, 249404 India
　

Title: Effect of Grewia optiva and Populus deltoides leachates on field crops

Author(s): Kaushal R, Verma KS, Singh KN

Source: ALLELOPATHY JOURNAL 11 (2): 229-234 APR 2003

Abstract: The tree releases the chemical substances (allelochemicals) in the soil. Besides, water soluble allelochemicals from the live trees are also released in rainwater, dew and mist as leachates. These leachates may inhibit or promote the germination, growth and yield of receiver plants and this phenomenon is called allelopathy. However, according to new definition, Allelopathy refers to any process involving secondary metabolites produced by plants,. microorganism, viruses, fungi. that influence the growth and development of Agricultural-and Biological systems. Allelochemicals. play a major role in the basic metabolism of the plants and affect numerous physiological and biochemical processes in the plants (12). Allelopathy in crop production is related to soil sickness, autotoxicity, yield decline, pre-disposition of plants to diseases, reduced nitrification, nutrient uptake, and weed interference with crops.. (9). However, the effects of these chemicals on other plants are concentration dependent and also influences by other compounds present in the leachates. In mid hills of Himachal Pradesh, the trees are planted in the cultivated fields for fodder, fuel and timber in agroforestry systems. However, farmers sometimes observe agricultural losses; perhaps due to wrong selection of tree species with arable crops, which sometimes. results in negative allelopathic interactions. Hence, an attempt was made to study these allelopathic effects of trees on field crops growing under their canopy.

Author Keywords: bean; chickpea; Grewia optiva; inhibition; leachates; maize; plumule; Populus deltoides; promotory; radicle; soybean; wheat

KeyWords Plus: INTERFERENCE; TANNINS

Addresses: Kaushal R (reprint author), CSIR, Inst Himalyan Bioresources Technol, Biodivers Div, Post Box 6, Palampur, Himachal Prades 176061 India
　

Title: Influence of eupatorium (Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson) leachates on germination and seedling growth of rice and cowpea

Author(s): Navaz M, George S,